CROPIMPROVEMENT

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VarietyBDN-2 was releasedforgrainpurpose(1984). It is semi-determinate, small and white seeded, resistant to wilt and susceptible to Helicoverpa and SMD.

2

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VarietyGT 1 of pigeonpea is recommended forvegetablepurpose(1991). It is early, high yielded, non-determinate, tolerant to wilt, Helicoverpa and pod fly. It has higher shellingpercentage and sweet in taste.

CROPPRODUCTION

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The pigeon pea grower of Agro-climaticzoneII are advisedtointercroptheir pigeon pea with blackgramto 100:75 (3 lines of black gram @ 30 cm. between two rows of pigeonpea planted at 120 cm.) to get thehighestnetreturn(Rs. 26578) andCBR(1:5.2).

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Formaximizingeconomicreturntothe farmers of rain fed areas of south Gujarat, pigeonpea shouldbeintercropped with Urid or Mung (1:2) (1990)

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The pigeonpea grownunderrainfed conditions shouldbeplanted at 90 cm rowtorow and 20 cmfromplant to plantdistanceformaximumyieldandnetreturn  (1987).

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Tohaveeffectiveweedmanagementin rainfed pigeonpea, farmers are advised to have onehandweeding at 30 DAS followed by one interculturing.Undertheheavy rainfallareas, farmers mayuseFluchloraline or Pendimethaline @ 1.0 lit a.i./ha followed by one inter culturing at 60 DAS (1989).

7

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In the Agro-ecological situation-V of south Gujarat zone, mulching with black plasticcanincreasethe rain fed pigeonpeayieldby 23%, yet at thepresentcostof plastic,itis not economically viable. Wherever feasible, the farmers are advisedtoadoptgrass mulching @ 5 t/ha immediately after the cessation of monsoon to get about 12% more income (1994).

8

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The farmers of south Gujarat zone, growing pigeonpeavarietyBDN-2, NylonorBhadbhoot  under rainfed condition in Sulphur deficit soils are advised to apply Sulphur @ 20 kg /ha through gypsum along with the recommended dose of N & P (20 & 40 kg/ha) as this treatment showed additional net income of Rs.2475/ha with ICBR of 1:40 (1995).Themarginal farmerscanapplySulphur @ 20 kg/ha and can earn moreincomeof Rs. 900/ha with ICBR [1:29].

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The pigeon pea growers of south Gujarat AgroclimaticzoneII are advisedtothin theircropwhenitis 30 days old with keepingplantto plantdistanceof 20 cm (1995).

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The pigeonpea growers of AES V of south GujaratzoneII are advisedtoadoptintegratedweedmanagement(Pendimethaline 1 lit a.i./ha + inter culturing at 60  DAS) instead of manual weeding in order to obtain higher yield and monitory return (1996).

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The farmers of south Gujaratzone(AES III), growing pigeonpea (BDN-2)asmaincropare advisedtorotate their pigeon pea crop with eithercastor(GCH-4) to get 105% orcotton(G.Cot.11) to get 44% highereconomicreturnas compared to pigeon pea followed by pigeon pea (1999).

12

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The farmers of south Gujaratzone(AES II) areadvisedtoopen afurrowof 22.5 cm depth at every 5 m distance. Five lines of pigeon pea shouldbesown on the raisedbed(1999).

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Pigeonpea (GT 1) growers of south Gujaratzone(AES III) are advisedtocultivate theircropgeometry of 120 cm x 30 cm (1999).

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Pigeon pea growers of agroclimaticzoneII, AES-V are advisedtofertilize pigeon pea (GT-1) with 10tonnes FYM + 75% R.D. [20:40:00] NPK  kg/ha to get higher net return [Rs. 15546] and CBR [1:3.4] to reduce 25% chemicalfertilizer.

PLANTPROTECTION

A.     ENTOMOLOGY

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Economiccontrolofpestcomplexin pigeonpea, 3 spraying of Monocrotophos @ 0.04% or Endosulfan @ 0.07% should be done at theinitiationof flowering, at 50% flowering and at 50% podding (1987).

16

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In waterscarcityareas of south Gujarat region, pigeonpeacropshouldbedusted with Methyl parathion 2% dust @ 25 kg/ha three times at the initiation of flowering, at 50% flowering and at 50% flower podding (1987).

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Foreffectivecontrolofinsect-pest in pigeonpea andtogetmaximumNICBR, thecropshouldbesprayed with Endosulfan @ 0.07% atthresholdlevel, i.e. 2%damagelevel and only one spraying is sufficient. However in heavily infested areas 3 spraying of theseinsecticides is essential (1989).

18

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In Helicoverpa infested areas,late varieties of pigeonpea and in pod flyproblematic areas, early varieties of pigeonpea is advised (1987).

19

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Pigeon pea varieties PPE 45-2 and AL 57 have been observed moderately resistantagainst Helicoverpaand podfly (1990).

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Two dusting of Quinalphos 1.5 % dust @ 25 kg/ha at 50%  flowering and subsequently at 50% pod setting are recommended to the marginal and small farmers for the control of podfly in pigeonpea under south Gujarat condition (NICBR 1:7.0) (1990).

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Three spraying of 5% Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NICBR 1:10.04) at theinitiationof flowering, at 50% flowering and at 50% poddingstageare recommendedtothe economically backward farmersforthecontrolof podborerin pigeonpeaundersouth Gujaratmediumrainfallzone(1993).

22

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Farmers of south Gujrat Agro-climatic zone II are advised to spray two rounds of NPV 500 l/ha with 0.1% teepol followed by Endosulfan @ 0.07% at an interval of one week [net income Rs 15754/ha with CBR 1:3.48].

OR

Two sprays of Endosulfan @ 0.07% alone at 15 days interval [net income 14061 Rs./ha with CBR 1:4.13] (1995).

OR

Spray three rounds of NPV 500 l/ha with 0.1% teepol at weekly intervals (CBR 1:2.38) from initiation of first instar larvae to control pod borer in pigeonpea (1995).

23

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Application of Dicofol @ 0.04% is recommended for effective control of spider mite Eotetranychus broodryki on pigeon pea (1998).

24

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Three applications of wettable sulfur 80 WP @ 0.125% or Dicofol 18.5 EC @ 0.04% or Endosulfan 35 EC @ 0.075% at 35, 65 and 95 days after sowing of pigeonpea crop is recommended for suppression of pigeonpea Sterility Mosaic Disease (SMD) incidence (1998).

25

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Earlier recommendations (i) three applications of Endosulfan @ 0.07% and (ii) NSKE @ 5% for the control of pod borers in pigeon pea are confirmed.

26

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For effective control of pod borer [H. armigera] and pod fly [M. obtusa] and getting higher yield,  the pigeonpea cultivars of south Gujarat [middle rainfall] AES-V are advised to spray any of the following  insecticide viz; Triazophos 35 % + Deltamethrin 1% [Spark 36 EC] @ 0.036% [ICBR 1:7.68]; Profenophos 50 EC @ 0.04% [ICBR 1:6.81]; Chlorpyriphos 50% + Cypermethrin 5% [Nurele-D505 55 EC @ 0.055% [ICBR 1:6.19] or  Profenophos 40% + Cypermethrin 4% [Polytrin C-44 EC] @ 0.044% [ICBR 1:5.77]  whenever pod borer cross the ETL [at flowering stage 20 larvae/20 plants & at pod formation stage 10 larvae/20 plants] (2005).

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For effective management of pigeonpea mealybug Coccidohystrix insolita Green, farmers of South Gujarat are advised to apply two spray either of the following insecticides at 15 days intervals starting from initiation of incidence for higher yield and better returns. Further the residues of these insecticides are remain below determination level in dry grains of pigeonpea.

1.  Profenophos 50 EC    @ 0.06%   (12 ml / 10 lit. of water) 
2.  Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 0.05%   (25 ml / 10 lit. of water) 
3. Acetamiprid  20 SP     @ 0.004% ( 2 gm / 10 lit. of water) (2012)

28

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For effective management of pod borers in pigeonpea, farmers of South Gujarat are advised to apply two sprays of either of the following insecticides, first at 50% flowering and second at 50% pod formation stage for higher yield and better returns. Further the residues of these insecticides are remain below determination level in dry grains of pigeonpea.

1. Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.006 %  (3 ml / 10 lit of water)
2. Flubendiamide 48 SC          @ 0.0096% (2 ml / 10 lit of water) (2012)

Information for Scientific Community:

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The pigeonpea genotypes viz., BP-06-38, BP-07-09 and BP-07-05 were found less susceptible against pod borer. Whereas, the genotypes viz., BP-07-12, BP-01-110 and BP-06-33 were found less susceptible against pod fly. (2012)

B.   PLANT PATHOLOGY

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For effective control Fusarium wilt in pigeonpea and to get maximum NICBR, the seed should be treated with TMTD (Thirum) @ 3 g/kg seed. If TMTD is not available, farmers are advised to use Captafol (Foltaf) (1990).

31

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The furrow application of bio-control agent Trichoderma harzianum multiplied on FYM @ 200 g/mt row length (2222 kg/ha) followed by sowing Carbendazim treated seeds (3 g/kg seed) is recommended to the farmers of Agro-climatic  south Gujarat zone for  the effective control of pigeonpea wilt and getting higher return (Rs. 8173) (1997).

32

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The pigeonpea growing farmers of south Gujarat zone are advised to adopt the practice application of press mud @ 10 t/ha after solarizing the field through transparent (LLDPE 25 micron) Polyethylene sheet for one month to reduce the wilt incidence by about 50 percent increased the yield by 100 per cent and net return by 50 per cent (1997).

33

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Farmers of south Gujarat zone (AES V) are advised to coat pigeon pea seeds with PBA 22 Torulospora globosa (ICBR 1:513) or PBA 13 Bacillus coagulans (ICBR 1:379) each having 108 CFU/gm carrier @ 30 gm culture/kg seed before seeding to save 40 kg P2O5/ha  and get maximum green pod yield.

34

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Pigeonpea growing farmers of south Gujarat Agro climatic zone II are advised to treat seeds with Rhizobium culture (ARS-21) 10 CFU/gm @ 30 g/kg seeds to save 20 kg N and to get maximum grain yield (CIBR 1:283). (2001).

35

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It is recommended for scientific community that lines BPWR-03-1 and BPWR03-2 were found resistant to wilt disease which could be utilizing further breeding programme in future to evolve wilt resistant variety.(2003)

36

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Line BPWR-04-2 [Selection from PF-3] was found resistant to wilt disease which could be utilized in further breeding programme in future to evolve wilt resistant variety (2005).

37

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Seed soaking in the solution of chitinolytic bacterium (Pentoea dispersa) @108 viable cells/ml for four hours before sowing was found effective for the management of wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp .udum) of pigeonpea.

Information for Scientific Community:

38

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The pigeon pea genotypes GAUT-9317 and ICP 87119 X BP- 94-03 were found moderately resistant against Sterility Mosaic Disease. (2012)